Intra random access points for picture coding

ABSTRACT

A video processing method includes performing a conversion between a video having one or more video layers including one or more video pictures and a bitstream of the video according to a format rule. The format rule specifies that a first video picture is an associated intra random access point picture of a second picture and that the second picture are constrained to belong to a same video layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/US2021/022572, filed on Mar. 16, 2021, which the priority to andbenefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/992,046 filed onMar. 19, 2020. All the aforementioned patent applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This patent document relates to image and video coding and decoding.

BACKGROUND

Digital video accounts for the largest bandwidth use on the internet andother digital communication networks. As the number of connected userdevices capable of receiving and displaying video increases, it isexpected that the bandwidth demand for digital video usage will continueto grow.

SUMMARY

The present document discloses techniques that can be used by videoencoders and decoders for processing coded representation of video usinga bitstream syntax that provides improved performance. The disclosedmethods may be used by apparatus that performs video processing such asvideo encoding or video decoding or video transcoding.

In one example aspect, a video processing method is disclosed. Themethod includes performing a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video; wherein the coded representation isorganized according to a rule that specifies that a first video picturethat is an intra random access point picture of a second picture and thesecond picture are constrained to belong to a same video layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that specifies that a trailing picture in the codedrepresentation following a first type of picture that is an intra randomaccess point is also permitted to be associated with a second type ofpicture that includes a gradual decoding refresh picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that specifies a constraint for an output order ofpictures preceding an intra random access point are is in a decodingorder such that the output order is applicable only to pictures in asame video layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the coded representation conformsto a format rule that specifies a constraint that (1) a trailing picturemust follow an associated intra random access point picture (IRAP) or agradual decoder refresh (GDR) picture in an output order, or (2) apicture having a same layer id as that of the GDR picture must precede,in the output order, the GDR picture and all associated pictures of theGDR picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a rulethat an order constraint is applicable to a picture, an intra randomaccess point (IRAP) picture and a non-leading picture if and only if thepicture, the IRAP picture and the non-leading picture are in a samelayer, wherein the rule is one of: (a) a first rule specifying a valueof a field sequence and a decoding order, or (b) an order of leadingand/or non-leading pictures of a layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a rulethat specifies an order of a leading picture, a random access decodableleading (RADL) picture and a random access skipped leading (RASL)picture associated with a gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a rulethat specifies that a constraint for a reference picture list for aclean random access picture is limited to a layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a rulethat specifies a condition under which a current picture is allowed torefer to an entry in a reference picture list that was generated by adecoding process for generating an unavailable reference picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video, wherein the conversion conforms to a ruleof order between a current picture and a reference picture listcorresponding to the current picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies that a first video picture that is an associatedintra random access point picture of a second picture and the secondpicture are constrained to belong to a same video layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies that a trailing picture in the bitstream ispermitted to be associated with a gradual decoding refresh picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies that a constraint for an output order of picturespreceding an intra random access point in a decoding order is applicableto pictures in a same video layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a format rule, and wherein theformat rule specifies a constraint that (1) a trailing picture followsan associated intra random access point picture or a gradual decoderrefresh picture in an output order, or (2) a picture having a samenetwork abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layer identifier as that ofthe gradual decoder refresh picture precedes, in the output order, thegradual decoder refresh picture and all associated pictures of thegradual decoder refresh picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein the rulespecifies to apply a constraint on a decoding order of a pictureassociated with an intra random access point picture and a non-leadingpicture if and only if the picture, the intra random access pointpicture and the non-leading picture are in a same layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein the rulespecifies an order of a leading picture, a random access decodableleading picture and a random access skipped leading picture associatedwith a gradual decoding refresh picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifiesthat a constraint for a reference picture list for a slice of a cleanrandom access picture is limited to a layer.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein the rulespecifies a condition under which no picture that has been generated bya decoding process for generating an unavailable reference picture isreferred to by an active entry in a reference picture list of a currentslice of a current picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising one or more video pictures and abitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein the rulespecifies a condition under which no picture that has been generated bya decoding process for generating an unavailable reference picture isreferred to by an entry in a reference picture list of a current sliceof a current picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising a current picture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein therule specifies a condition under which a reference picture list for thecurrent slice is disallowed to have an active entry that refers to apicture that precedes, in a decoding order or an output order, an intrarandom access point picture associated with the current picture.

In another example aspect, another video processing method is disclosed.The method includes performing a conversion between a video having oneor more video layers comprising a current picture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein therule specifies a condition under which a reference picture list for thecurrent slice is disallowed to have an entry that refers to a picturethat precedes, in a decoding order or an output order, an intra randomaccess point picture associated with the current picture.

In yet another example aspect, a video encoder apparatus is disclosed.The video encoder comprises a processor configured to implementabove-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a video decoder apparatus is disclosed.The video decoder comprises a processor configured to implementabove-described methods.

In yet another example aspect, a computer readable medium having codestored thereon is disclose. The code embodies one of the methodsdescribed herein in the form of processor-executable code.

These, and other, features are described throughout the presentdocument.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example video processing system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart for an example method of video processing.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates a video coding system, inaccordance with various examples.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram that illustrates an encoder, in accordancewith various examples.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram that illustrates a decoder, in accordance withvarious examples.

FIGS. 7A to 7G show flowcharts for methods of video processing, inaccordance with various examples.

FIGS. 8A and 8B show flowcharts for methods of video processing, inaccordance with various examples.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show flowcharts for methods of video processing, inaccordance with various examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Section headings are used in the present document for ease ofunderstanding and do not limit the applicability of techniques andembodiments disclosed in each section only to that section. Furthermore,H.266 terminology is used in some description only for ease ofunderstanding and not for limiting scope of the disclosed techniques. Assuch, the techniques described herein are applicable to other videocodec protocols and designs also.

1. Brief Summary

This document is related to video coding technologies. Specifically, itis about various aspects for supports of random access, sublayerswitching, and scalability, including the definitions of different typesof pictures and their relationships in terms decoding order, outputorder, and prediction relationship. The ideas may be appliedindividually or in various combination, to any video coding standard ornon-standard video codec that supports multi-layer video coding, e.g.,the being-developed Versatile Video Coding (VVC).

2. Abbreviations

APS Adaptation Parameter Set

AU Access Unit

AUD Access Unit Delimiter

AVC Advanced Video Coding

CLVS Coded Layer Video Sequence

CPB Coded Picture Buffer

CRA Clean Random Access

CTU Coding Tree Unit

CVS Coded Video Sequence

DCI Decoding Capability Information

DPB Decoded Picture Buffer

EOB End Of Bitstream

EOS End Of Sequence

GDR Gradual Decoding Refresh

HEVC High Efficiency Video Coding

HRD Hypothetical Reference Decoder

IDR Instantaneous Decoding Refresh

IRAP Intra Random Access Point

JEM Joint Exploration Model

MCTS Motion-Constrained Tile Sets

NAL Network Abstraction Layer

OLS Output Layer Set

PH Picture Header

PPS Picture Parameter Set

PTL Profile, Tier and Level

PU Picture Unit

RADL Random Access Decodable Leading (Picture)

RAP Random Access Point

RASL Random Access Skipped Leading (Picture)

RBSP Raw Byte Sequence Payload

RPL Reference Picture List

SEI Supplemental Enhancement Information

SPS Sequence Parameter Set

STSA Step-wise Temporal Sublayer Access

SVC Scalable Video Coding

VCL Video Coding Layer

VPS Video Parameter Set

VTM VVC Test Model

VUI Video Usability Information

VVC Versatile Video Coding

3. Initial Discussion

Video coding standards have evolved primarily through the development ofthe well-known International Telecommunication Union—TelecommunicationStandardization Sector (ITU-T) and International Organization forStandardization (ISO)/International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)standards. The ITU-T produced H.261 and H.263, ISO/IEC produced MovingPicture Experts Group (MPEG)-1 and MPEG-4 Visual, and the twoorganizations jointly produced the H.262/MPEG-2 Video and H.264/MPEG-4Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and H.265/ High Efficiency Video Coding(HEVC) standards. Since H.262, the video coding standards are based onthe hybrid video coding structure wherein temporal prediction plustransform coding are utilized. To explore the future video codingtechnologies beyond HEVC, the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) wasfounded by Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and MPEG jointly in 2015.Since then, many new methods have been adopted by JVET and put into thereference software named Joint Exploration Model (JEM). The JVET meetingis concurrently held once every quarter, and the new coding standard istargeting at 50% bitrate reduction as compared to HEVC. The new videocoding standard was officially named as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) inthe April 2018 JVET meeting, and the first version of VVC test model(VTM) was released at that time. As there are continuous effortcontributing to VVC standardization, new coding techniques are beingadopted to the VVC standard in every JVET meeting. The VVC working draftand test model VTM are then updated after every meeting. The VVC projectis now aiming for technical completion Final Draft InternationalStandard (FDIS) at the July 2020 meeting.

3.1. Scalable Video Coding (SVC) in General and in VVC

Scalable video coding (SVC), sometimes also just referred to asscalability in video coding, refers to video coding in which a baselayer (BL), sometimes referred to as a reference layer (RL), and one ormore scalable enhancement layers (ELs) are used. In SVC, the base layercan carry video data with a base level of quality. The one or moreenhancement layers can carry additional video data to support, forexample, higher spatial, temporal, and/or signal-to-noise (SNR) levels.Enhancement layers may be defined relative to a previously encodedlayer. For example, a bottom layer may serve as a BL, while a top layermay serve as an EL. Middle layers may serve as either ELs or RLs, orboth. For example, a middle layer (e.g., a layer that is neither thelowest layer nor the highest layer) may be an EL for the layers belowthe middle layer, such as the base layer or any intervening enhancementlayers, and at the same time serve as a RL for one or more enhancementlayers above the middle layer. Similarly, in the Multiview orthree-dimensional (3D) extension of the HEVC standard, there may bemultiple views, and information of one view may be utilized to code(e.g., encode or decode) the information of another view (e.g., motionestimation, motion vector prediction and/or other redundancies).

In SVC, the parameters used by the encoder or the decoder are groupedinto parameter sets based on the coding level (e.g., video-level,sequence-level, picture-level, slice level, etc.) in which they may beutilized. For example, parameters that may be utilized by one or morecoded video sequences of different layers in the bitstream may beincluded in a video parameter set (VPS), and parameters that areutilized by one or more pictures in a coded video sequence may beincluded in a sequence parameter set (SPS). Similarly, parameters thatare utilized by one or more slices in a picture may be included in apicture parameter set (PPS), and other parameters that are specific to asingle slice may be included in a slice header. Similarly, theindication of which parameter set(s) a particular layer is using at agiven time may be provided at various coding levels.

Thanks to the support of reference picture resampling (RPR) in VVC,support of a bitstream containing multiple layers, e.g., two layers withstandard definition (SD) and high definition (HD) resolutions in VVC canbe designed without the need any additional signal-processing-levelcoding tool, as upsampling needed for spatial scalability support canjust use the RPR upsampling filter. Nevertheless, high-level syntaxchanges (compared to not supporting scalability) are needed forscalability support. Scalability support is specified in VVC version 1.Different from the scalability supports in any earlier video codingstandards, including in extensions of AVC and HEVC, the design of VVCscalability has been made friendly to single-layer decoder designs asmuch as possible. The decoding capability for multi-layer bitstreams arespecified in a manner as if there were only a single layer in thebitstream. For example, the decoding capability, such as Decoded PictureBuffer (DPB) size, is specified in a manner that is independent of thenumber of layers in the bitstream to be decoded. Generally, a decoderdesigned for single-layer bitstreams does not need much change to beable to decode multi-layer bitstreams. Compared to the designs ofmulti-layer extensions of AVC and HEVC, the Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) Live Streaming (HLS) aspects have been significantly simplifiedat the sacrifice of some flexibilities. For example, an Intra RandomAccess Point (IRAP) Access Unit (AU) is required to contain a picturefor each of the layers present in the Coded Video Sequence (CVS).

3.2. Random Access and Its Supports in HEVC and VVC

Random access refers to starting access and decoding of a bitstream froma picture that is not the first picture of the bitstream in decodingorder. To support tuning in and channel switching in broadcast/multicastand multiparty video conferencing, seeking in local playback andstreaming, as well as stream adaptation in streaming, the bitstreamneeds to include frequent random access points, which are typicallyintra coded pictures but may also be inter-coded pictures (e.g., in thecase of gradual decoding refresh).

HEVC includes signaling of intra random access points (IRAP) pictures inthe Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) unit header, through NAL unit types.Three types of IRAP pictures are supported, namely instantaneous decoderrefresh (IDR), clean random access (CRA), and broken link access (BLA)pictures. IDR pictures are constraining the inter-picture predictionstructure to not reference any picture before the currentgroup-of-pictures (GOP), conventionally referred to as closed-GOP randomaccess points. CRA pictures are less restrictive by allowing certainpictures to reference pictures before the current GOP, all of which arediscarded in case of a random access. CRA pictures are conventionallyreferred to as open-GOP random access points. BLA pictures usuallyoriginate from splicing of two bitstreams or part thereof at a CRApicture, e.g., during stream switching. To enable better systems usageof IRAP pictures, altogether six different NAL units are defined tosignal the properties of the IRAP pictures, which can be used to bettermatch the stream access point types as defined in the ISO base mediafile format (ISOBMFF) which are utilized for random access support indynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP (DASH).

VVC supports three types of IRAP pictures, two types of IDR pictures(one type with or the other type without associated Random AccessDecodable Leading (RADL) pictures) and one type of CRA picture. Theseare generally the same as in HEVC. The BLA picture types in HEVC are notincluded in VVC, mainly due to two reasons: i) The basic functionalityof BLA pictures can be realized by CRA pictures plus the end of sequenceNAL unit, the presence of which indicates that the subsequent picturestarts a new CVS in a single-layer bitstream. ii) There was a desire inspecifying less NAL unit types than HEVC during the development of VVC,as indicated by the use of five instead of six bits for the NAL unittype field in the NAL unit header.

Another difference in random access support between VVC and HEVC is thesupport of Gradual Decoding Refresh (GDR) in a more normative manner inVVC. In GDR, the decoding of a bitstream can start from an inter-codedpicture and although at the beginning not the entire picture region canbe correctly decoded but after a number of pictures the entire pictureregion would be correct. AVC and HEVC also support GDR, using therecovery point Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message forsignaling of GDR random access points and the recovery points. In VVC, anew NAL unit type is specified for indication of GDR pictures and therecovery point is signaled in the picture header syntax structure. A CVSand a bitstream are allowed to start with a GDR picture. This means thatit is allowed for an entire bitstream to contain only inter-codedpictures without a single intra-coded picture. The main benefit ofspecifying GDR support this way is to provide a conforming behavior forGDR. GDR enables encoders to smooth the bit rate of a bitstream bydistributing intra-coded slices or blocks in multiple pictures asopposed intra coding entire pictures, thus allowing significantend-to-end delay reduction, which is considered more important nowadaysthan before as ultralow delay applications like wireless display, onlinegaming, drone based applications become more popular.

Another GDR related feature in VVC is the virtual boundary signaling.The boundary between the refreshed region (i.e., the correctly decodedregion) and the unrefreshed region at a picture between a GDR pictureand its recovery point can be signaled as a virtual boundary, and whensignaled, in-loop filtering across the boundary would not be applied,thus a decoding mismatch for some samples at or near the boundary wouldnot occur. This can be useful when the application determines to displaythe correctly decoded regions during the GDR process.

IRAP pictures and GDR pictures can be collectively referred to as randomaccess point (RAP) pictures.

3.3. Reference Picture Management and Reference Picture Lists (RPLs)

Reference picture management is a core functionality that is necessaryfor any video coding scheme that uses inter prediction. It manages thestorage and removal of reference pictures into and from a decodedpicture buffer (DPB) and puts reference pictures in their proper orderin the RPLs.

The reference picture management of HEVC, including reference picturemarking and removal from the decoded picture buffer (DPB) as well asreference picture list construction (RPLC), differs from that of AVC.Instead of the reference picture marking mechanism based on a slidingwindow plus adaptive memory management control operation (MMCO) in AVC,HEVC specifies a reference picture management and marking mechanismbased on so-called reference picture set (RPS), and the RPLC isconsequently based on the RPS mechanism. An RPS consists of a set ofreference pictures associated with a picture, consisting of allreference pictures that are prior to the associated picture in decodingorder, that may be used for inter prediction of the associated pictureor any picture following the associated picture in decoding order. Thereference picture set consists of five lists of reference pictures. Thefirst three lists contain all reference pictures that may be used ininter prediction of the current picture and that may be used in interprediction of one or more of the pictures following the current picturein decoding order. The other two lists consist of all reference picturesthat are not used in inter prediction of the current picture but may beused in inter prediction of one or more of the pictures following thecurrent picture in decoding order. RPS provides an “intra-coded”signaling of the DPB status, instead of an “inter-coded” signaling as inAVC, mainly for improved error resilience. The RPLC process in HEVC isbased on the RPS, by signaling an index to an RPS subset for eachreference index; this process is simpler than the RPLC process in AVC.

Reference picture management in VVC is more similar to HEVC than AVC,but is somewhat simpler and more robust. As in those standards, twoRPLs, list 0 and list 1, are derived, but they are not based on thereference picture set concept used in HEVC or the automatic slidingwindow process used in AVC; instead they are signaled more directly.Reference pictures are listed for the RPLs as either active and inactiveentries, and only the active entries may be used as reference indices ininter prediction of Coding Tree Units (CTUs) of the current picture.Inactive entries indicate other pictures to be held in the DPB forreferencing by other pictures that arrive later in the bitstream.

3.4. Parameter Sets

AVC, HEVC, and VVC specify parameter sets. The types of parameter setsinclude SPS, PPS, Adaptation Parameter Set (APS), and VPS. SPS and PPSare supported in all of AVC, HEVC, and VVC. VPS was introduced sinceHEVC and is included in both HEVC and VVC. APS was not included in AVCor HEVC but is included in the latest VVC draft text.

SPS was designed to carry sequence-level header information, and PPS wasdesigned to carry infrequently changing picture-level headerinformation. With SPS and PPS, infrequently changing information neednot to be repeated for each sequence or picture, hence redundantsignaling of this information can be avoided. Furthermore, the use ofSPS and PPS enables out-of-band transmission of the important headerinformation, thus not only avoiding the need for redundant transmissionsbut also improving error resilience.

VPS was introduced for carrying sequence-level header information thatis common for all layers in multi-layer bitstreams.

APS was introduced for carrying such picture-level or slice-levelinformation that needs quite some bits to code, can be shared bymultiple pictures, and in a sequence there can be quite many differentvariations.

3.5. Related Definitions in in VVC

Related definitions in the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15) are asfollows.

-   -   associated IRAP picture (of a particular picture): The previous        IRAP picture in decoding order (when present) having the same        value of nuh_layer_id as the particular picture.    -   clean random access (CRA) Picture Unit (PU): A PU in which the        coded picture is a CRA picture.    -   clean random access (CRA) picture: An IRAP picture for which        each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to CRA_NUT.    -   coded video sequence (CVS): A sequence of AUs that consists, in        decoding order, of a CVSS AU, followed by zero or more AUs that        are not CVSSAUs, including all subsequent AUs up to but not        including any subsequent AU that is a CVSS AU.    -   coded video sequence start (CVSS) AU: An AU in which there is a        PU for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each PU is        a Coded Layer Video Sequence Start (CLVSS) picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) AU: An AU in which the coded        picture in each present PU is a GDR picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is a GDR picture.    -   gradual decoding refresh (GDR) picture: A picture for which each        VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to GDR_NUT.    -   instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is an IDR picture.    -   instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture: An IRAP picture        for which each VCL NAL unit has nal unit type equal to        IDR_W_RADL or IDR N_LP.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) AU: An AU in which there is a        PU for each layer in the CVS and the coded picture in each PU is        an IRAP picture.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) PU: A PU in which the coded        picture is an IRAP picture.    -   intra random access point (IRAP) picture: A coded picture for        which all VCL NAL units have the same value of nal_unit_type in        the range of IDR_W_RADL to CR_NUT, inclusive.    -   leading picture: A picture that is in the same layer as the        associated IRAP picture and precedes the associated IRAP picture        in output order.    -   random access decodable leading (RADL) PU: A PU in which the        coded picture is a RADL picture.    -   random access decodable leading (RADL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RADL_NUT.    -   random access skipped leading (RASL) PU: A_PU_in which the coded        picture is a_RASL picture.    -   random access skipped leading (RASL) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to RAS_NUT.    -   step-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) PU: A PU in which the        coded picture is an STSA picture.    -   step-wise temporal sublayer access (STSA) picture: A picture for        which each VCL NAL unit has nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT.        -   NOTE—An STSA picture does not use pictures with the same            TemporalId as the STSA picture for inter prediction            reference. Pictures following an STSA picture in decoding            order with the same TemporalId as the STSA picture do not            use pictures prior to the STSA picture in decoding order            with the same TemporalId as the STSA picture for inter            prediction reference. An STSA picture enables up-switching,            at the STSA picture, to the sublayer containing the STSA            picture, from the immediately lower sublayer. STSA pictures            must have TemporalId greater than 0.    -   trailing picture: A non-IRAP picture that follows the associated        IRAP picture in output order and is not an STSA picture.        -   NOTE—Trailing pictures associated with an IRAP picture also            follow the IRAP picture in decoding order. Pictures that            follow the associated IRAP picture in output order and            precede the associated IRAP picture in decoding order are            not allowed.

3.6. NAL Unit Header Syntax and Semantics in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the NAL unit headersyntax and semantics are as follows.

7.3.1.2 NAL Unit Header Syntax

Descriptor nal_unit_header( ) {  forbidden_zero_bit f(1) nuh_reserved_zero_bit u(1)  nuh_layer_id u(6)  nal_unit_type u(5) nuh_temporal_id_plus1 u(3) }

7.4.2.2 NAL Unit Header Semantics

forbidden_zero_bit shall be equal to 0.nuh_reserved_zero_bit shall be equal to 0. The value 1 of nuh reservedzero bit may be specified in the future by ITU-T|ISO/IEC. Decoders shallignore (i.e. remove from the bitstream and discard) NAL units withnuh_reserved_zero bit equal to 1.nuh_layer_id specifies the identifier of the layer to which a VCL NALunit belongs or the identifier of a layer to which a non-VCL NAL unitapplies. The value of nuh_layer_id shall be in the range of 0 to 55,inclusive. Other values for nuh_layer_id are reserved for future use byITU-T|ISO/IEC.The value of nuh_layer_id shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of acoded picture. The value of nuh_layer_id of a coded picture or a PU isthe value of the nuh_layer_id of the VCL NAL units of the coded pictureor the PU.

The value of nuh_layer_id for Access Unit Delimiter (AUD), PictureHeader (PH), End Of Sequence (EOS), and Filler Data (FD) NAL units isconstrained as follows:

-   -   If nal_unit_type is equal to AUD NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be        equal to vps layer id[0].    -   Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, EOS_NUT, or        FD_NUT, nuh_layer_id shall be equal to the nuh_layer_id of        associated VCL NAL unit.    -   NOTE 1—The value of nuh_layer_id of Decoding Capability        Information (DCI), VPS, and End Of Bitstream (EOB) NAL units is        not constrained.        The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all pictures of        a CVSS AU.        nal_unit_type specifies the NAL unit type, i.e., the type of Raw        Byte Sequence Payload (RBSP) data structure contained in the NAL        unit as specified in Table 5.        NAL units that have nal_unit_type in the range of        UNSPEC_28..UNSPEC_31, inclusive, for which semantics are not        specified, shall not affect the decoding process specified in        this Specification.    -   NOTE 2—NAL unit types in the range of UNSPEC_28.._UNSPEC_31 may        be used as determined by the application. No decoding process        for these values of nal_unit_type is specified in this        Specification. Since different applications might use these NAL        unit types for different purposes, particular care must be        exercised in the design of encoders that generate NAL units with        these nal_unit_type values, and in the design of decoders that        interpret the content of NAL units with these nal_unit_type        values. This Specification does not define any management for        these values. These nal_unit_type values might only be suitable        for use in contexts in which “collisions” of usage (i.e.,        different definitions of the meaning of the NAL unit content for        the same nal_unit_type value) are unimportant, or not possible,        or are managed—e.g., defined or managed in the controlling        application or transport specification, or by controlling the        environment in which bitstreams are distributed.        For purposes other than determining the amount of data in the        Decoding Units (DUs) of the bitstream (as specified in Annex C),        decoders shall ignore (remove from the bitstream and discard)        the contents of all NAL units that use reserved values of        nal_unit_type.    -   NOTE 3—This requirement allows future definition of compatible        extensions to this Specification.

TABLE 5 NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes Name of Content ofNAL unit and RBSP syntax NAL unit nal_unit_type nal_unit_type structuretype class  0 TRAIL_NUT Coded slice of a trailing picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( )  1 STSA_NUT Coded slice of an STSA picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( )  2 RADL_NUT Coded slice of a RADL picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( )  3 RASL_NUT Coded slice of a RASL picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 4 . . . 6 RSV_VCL_4 . . . Reserved non-IRAP VCL NALunit types VCL RSV_VCL_6  7 IDR_W_RADL Coded slice of an IDR picture VCL 8 IDR_N_LP slice_layer_rbsp( )  9 CRA_NUT Coded slice of a CRA pictureVCL silce_layer_rbsp( ) 10 GDR_NUT Coded slice of a GDR picture VCLslice_layer_rbsp( ) 11 RSV_IRAP_11 Reserved IRAP VCL NAL unit types VCL12 RSV_IRAP_12 13 DCI_NUT Decoding capability information non-VCLdecoding_capability_information_rbsp( ) 14 VPS_NUT Video parameter setnon-VCL video_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 15 SPS_NUT Sequence parameter setnon-VCL seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 16 PPS_NUT Picture parameter setnon-VCL pic_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 17 PREFIX_APS_NUT Adaptation parameterset non-VCL 18 SUFFIX_APS_NUT adaptation_parameter_set_rbsp( ) 19 PH_NUTPicture header non-VCL picture_header_rbsp( ) 20 AUD_NUT AU delimiternon-VCL access_unit_delimiter_rbsp( ) 21 EOS_NUT End of sequence non-VCLend_of_seq_rbsp( ) 22 EOB_NUT End of bitstream non-VCLend_of_bitstream_rbsp( ) 23 PREFIX_SEI_NUT Supplemental enhancementinformation non-VCL 24 SUFFIX_SEI_NUT sei_rbsp( ) 25 FD_NUT Filler datanon-VCL filler_data_rbsp( ) 26 RSV_NVCL_26 Reserved non-VCL NAL unittypes non-VCL 27 RSV_NVCL_27 28 . . . 31 UNSPEC_28 . . . Unspecifiednon-VCL NAL unit types non-VCL UNSPEC_31

-   -   NOTE 4—A clean random access (CRA) picture may have associated        RASL or RADL pictures present in the bitstream.    -   NOTE 5—An instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR N_LP does not have associated leading        pictures present in the bitstream. An IDR picture having        nal_unit_type equal to IDR W_RADL does not have associated RASL        pictures present in the bitstream, but may have associated RADL        pictures in the bitstream.        The value of nal_unit_type shall be the same for all Video        Coding Layer (VCL) NAL units of a subpicture. A subpicture is        referred to as having the same NAL unit type as the VCL NAL        units of the subpicture.        For VCL NAL units of any particular picture, the following        applies:    -   If mixed nalu types in_pic flag is equal to 0, the value of        nal_unit_type shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of a        picture, and a picture or a PU is referred to as having the same        NAL unit type as the coded slice NAL units of the picture or PU.    -   Otherwise (mixed nalu types in_pic flag is equal to 1), the        picture shall have at least two subpictures and VCL NAL units of        the picture shall have exactly two different nal_unit_type        values as follows: the VCL NAL units of at least one subpicture        of the picture shall all have a particular value of        nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT, RADL_NUT, RASL_NUT, IDR W_RADL,        IDR N_LP, or CRA_NUT, while the VCL NAL units of other        subpictures in the picture shall all have a different particular        value of nal_unit_type equal to TRAIL_NUT, RADL_NUT, or        RASL_NUT.        For a single-layer bitstream, the following constraints apply:    -   Each picture, other than the first picture in the bitstream in        decoding order, is considered to be associated with the previous        IRAP picture in decoding order.    -   When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it shall        be a RADL or RASL picture.    -   When a picture is a trailing picture of an IRAP picture, it        shall not be a RADL or RASL picture.    -   No RASL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture.    -   No RADL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to IDR        N_LP.        -   NOTE 6—It is possible to perform random access at the            position of an IRAP PU by discarding all PUs before the IRAP            PU (and to correctly decode the IRAP picture and all the            subsequent non-RASL pictures in decoding order), provided            each parameter set is available (either in the bitstream or            by external means not specified in this Specification) when            it is referenced.    -   Any picture that precedes an IRAP picture in decoding order        shall precede the IRAP picture in output order and shall precede        any RADL picture associated with the IRAP picture in output        order.    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall precede any        RADL picture associated with the CRA picture in output order.    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall follow, in        output order, any IRAP picture that precedes the CRA picture in        decoding order.    -   If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture is a        leading picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall        precede, in decoding order, all non-leading pictures that are        associated with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let picA and        picB be the first and the last leading pictures, in decoding        order, associated with an IRAP picture, respectively, there        shall be at most one non-leading picture preceding picA in        decoding order, and there shall be no non-leading picture        between picA and picB in decoding order.        nuh_temporal__id_plus1 minus 1 specifies a temporal identifier        for the NAL unit.        The value of nuh temporal id_plus1 shall not be equal to 0.        The variable TemporalId is derived as follows:

TemporalId=nuh_temporal_id_plus1−1  (36)

When nal_unit_type is in the range of IDR_W_RADL to RSV_IRAP_12,inclusive, TemporalId shall be equal to 0.When nal_unit_type is equal to STSA_NUT and vps independent layerflag[GeneralLayerIdx[nuh_layer_id]] is equal to 1, TemporalId shall notbe equal to 0.The value of TemporalId shall be the same for all VCL NAL units of anAU. The value of TemporalId of a coded picture, a PU, or an AU is thevalue of the TemporalId of the VCL NAL units of the coded picture, PU,or AU. The value of TemporalId of a sublayer representation is thegreatest value of TemporalId of all VCL NAL units in the sublayerrepresentation.

The value of TemporalId for non-VCL NAL units is constrained as follows:

-   -   If nal_unit_type is equal to DCI_NUT, VPS_NUT, or SPS_NUT,        TemporalId shall be equal to 0 and the TemporalId of the AU        containing the NAL unit shall be equal to 0.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to PH_NUT, TemporalId shall        be equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL unit.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to EOS_NUT or EOB_NUT,        TemporalId shall be equal to 0.    -   Otherwise, if nal_unit_type is equal to AUD_NUT, FD_NUT, PREFIX        SEI_NUT, or SUFFIX SEI_NUT, TemporalId shall be equal to the        TemporalId of the AU containing the NAL unit.    -   Otherwise, when nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT, PREFIX        APS_NUT, or SUFFIX APS_NUT, TemporalId shall be greater than or        equal to the TemporalId of the PU containing the NAL unit.    -   NOTE 7—When the NAL unit is a non-VCL NAL unit, the value of        TemporalId is equal to the minimum value of the TemporalId        values of all AUs to which the non-VCL NAL unit applies. When        nal_unit_type is equal to PPS_NUT, PREFIX APS_NUT, or SUFFIX        APS_NUT, TemporalId may be greater than or equal to the        TemporalId of the containing AU, as all PPSs and APSs may be        included in the beginning of the bitstream (e.g., when they are        transported out-of-band, and the receiver places them at the        beginning of the bitstream), wherein the first coded picture has        TemporalId equal to 0.

3.7. Picture Header Structure Syntax and Semantics in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the picture headerstructure syntax and semantics that are most relevant to the examplesdescribed herein are as follows.

7.3.2.7 Picture header structure syntax Descriptorpicture_header_structure( ) {  gdr_or_irap_pic_flag u(1)  if(gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   gdr_pic_flag u(1)  ...  ph_pic_order_cnt_lsbu(v)  if( gdr_or_irap_pic_flag )   no_output_of_prior_pics_flag u(1) if( gdr_pic_flag )   recovery_poc_cnt ue(v)  ... ue(v) }

7.4.3.7 Picture Header Structure Semantics

The PH syntax structure contains information that is common for allslices of the coded picture associated with the PH syntax structure.gdr_or_irap_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies that the current picture is aGDR or IRAP picture. gdr_or_irappic flag equal to 0 specifies that thecurrent picture may or may not be a GDR or IRAP picture.gdr_pic_flag equal to 1 specifies the picture associated with the PH isa GDR picture. gdrpic flag equal to 0 specifies that the pictureassociated with the PH is not a GDR picture. When not present, the valueof gdrpic flag is inferred to be equal to 0. When gdr enabled flag isequal to 0, the value of gdrpic flag shall be equal to 0.

-   -   NOTE 1—When gdr or_irappic flag is equal to 1 and gdrpic flag is        equal to 0, the picture associated with the PH is an IRAP        picture.        ph_pic_ordercnt_lsb specifies the picture order count modulo        MaxPicOrderCntLsb for the current picture. The length of the        phpic_order_cnt_lsb syntax element is        log2_maxpic_order_cnt_lsb_minus4 +4 bits. The value of the phpic        order_cnt_lsb shall be in the range of 0 to MaxPicOrderCntLsb —        1, inclusive.        no_output_of prior_pics_flag affects the output of        previously-decoded pictures in the DPB after the decoding of a        CLVSS picture that is not the first picture in the bitstream as        specified in Annex C.        recovery_poc_cnt specifies the recovery point of decoded        pictures in output order. If the current picture is a GDR        picture that is associated with the PH, and there is a picture        picA that follows the current GDR picture in decoding order in        the CLVS that has PicOrderCntVal equal to the PicOrderCntVal of        the current GDR picture plus the value of recoverypoc cnt, the        picture picA is referred to as the recovery point picture.        Otherwise, the first picture in output order that has        PicOrderCntVal greater than the PicOrderCntVal of the current        picture plus the value of recovery_poc_cnt is referred to as the        recovery point picture. The recovery point picture shall not        precede the current GDR picture in decoding order. The value of        recovery_poc cnt shall be in the range of 0 to        MaxPicOrderCntLsb−1, inclusive.        When the current picture is a GDR picture, the variable        RpPicOrderCntVal is derived as follows:

RpPicOrderCntVal=PicOrderCntVal+recovery_poc_cnt  (81)

-   -   NOTE 2—When gdr enabled flag is equal to 1 and PicOrderCntVal of        the current picture is greater than or equal to RpPicOrderCntVal        of the associated GDR picture, the current and subsequent        decoded pictures in output order are exact match to the        corresponding pictures produced by starting the decoding process        from the previous IRAP picture, when present, preceding the        associated GDR picture in decoding order.

3.8. Constraints on RPLs in VVC

In the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15), the constraints on RPLsin VVC are as follows (as part of VVC's clause 8.3.2 Decoding processfor reference picture lists construction).

8.3.2 Decoding Process for Reference Picture Lists Construction

For each i equal to 0 or 1, the first NumRefldxActive[i] entries inRefPicList[i] are referred to as the active entries in RefPicList[i],and the other entries in RefPicList[i] are referred to as the inactiveentries in RefPicList[i].

-   -   NOTE 2—It is possible that a particular picture is referred to        by both an entry in RefPicList[0] and an entry in RefPicList[1].        It is also possible that a particular picture is referred to by        more than one entry in RefPicList[0] or by more than one entry        in RefPicList[1].    -   NOTE 3—The active entries in RefPicList[0] and the active        entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all reference        pictures that may be used for inter prediction of the current        picture and one or more pictures that follow the current picture        in decoding order. The inactive entries in RefPicList[0] and the        inactive entries in RefPicList[1] collectively refer to all        reference pictures that are not used for inter prediction of the        current picture but may be used in inter prediction for one or        more pictures that follow the current picture in decoding order.    -   NOTE 4—There may be one or more entries in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that are equal to “no reference picture” because        the corresponding pictures are not present in the DPB. Each        inactive entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[0] that is equal        to “no reference picture” should be ignored. An unintentional        picture loss should be inferred for each active entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is equal to “no reference        picture”.        It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the following        constraints apply:    -   For each i equal to 0 or 1, num_ref entries[i][RplsIdx[i]] shall        not be less than NumRefldxActive[i].    -   The picture referred to by each active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall be present in the DPB and shall have        TemporalId less than or equal to that of the current picture.    -   The picture referred to by each entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] shall not be the current picture and shall have        non reference picture flag equal to 0.    -   A Short-Term Reference Picture (STRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of a picture and a Long-Term Reference        Picture (LTRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of the        same slice or a different slice of the same picture shall not        refer to the same picture.    -   There shall be no LTRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        for which the difference between the PicOrderCntVal of the        current picture and the PicOrderCntVal of the picture referred        to by the entry is greater than or equal to 2²⁴.    -   Let setOfRefPics be the set of unique pictures referred to by        all entries in RefPicList[0] that have the same nuh_layer_id as        the current picture and all entries in RefPicList[1] that have        the same nuh_layer_id as the current picture. The number of        pictures in setOfRefPics shall be less than or equal to        MaxDpbSize−1, inclusive, where MaxDpbSize is as specified in        clause A.4.2, and setOfRefPics shall be the same for all slices        of a picture.    -   When the current slice has nal_unit_type equal to STSA_NUT,        there shall be no active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]        that has TemporalId equal to that of the current picture and        nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a picture that follows, in decoding        order, an STSA picture that has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture and nuh_layer_id equal to that of the current        picture, there shall be no picture that precedes the STSA        picture in decoding order, has TemporalId equal to that of the        current picture, and has nuh_layer_id equal to that of the        current picture included as an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1].    -   When the current picture is a CRA picture, there shall be no        picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes, in output order or decoding order,        any preceding IRAP picture in decoding order (when present).    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture, there shall be        no picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decoding process for        generating unavailable reference pictures for the IRAP picture        associated with the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture that follows, in        both decoding order and output order, one or more leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there        shall be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decoding process for        generating unavailable reference pictures for the IRAP picture        associated with the current picture.    -   When the current picture is a recovery point picture or a        picture that follows the recovery point picture in output order,        there shall be no entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        contains a picture that was generated by the decoding process        for generating unavailable reference pictures for the GDR        picture of the recovery point picture.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture, there shall be        no picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is a trailing picture that follows, in        both decoding order and output order, one or more leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there        shall be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is a RADL picture, there shall be no        active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is any of        the following:        -   A RASL picture        -   A picture that was generated by the decoding process for            generating unavailable reference pictures        -   A picture that precedes the associated IRAP picture in            decoding order    -   The picture referred to by each Inter-Layer Reference Picture        (ILRP) entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice of the        current picture shall be in the same AU as the current picture.    -   The picture referred to by each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] of a slice of the current picture shall be present        in the DPB and shall have nuh_layer_id less than that of the        current picture.    -   Each ILRP entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] of a slice        shall be an active entry.

4. Technical Problems Addressed by Disclosed Technical Solutions

The existing design in the latest VVC text (in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15) hasthe following problems:

-   -   1) The definition of associated IRAP picture should be updated        such that the associated IRAP picture of a particular picture        belongs to the same layer as the particular picture.    -   2) The current definition of trailing picture is as follows:        -   trailing picture: A non-IRAP picture that follows the            associated IRAP picture in output order and is not an STSA            picture.        -   Accordingly, there needs to be an IRAP picture present in            the bitstream for a trailing picture to be present, and if a            bitstream does not have an IRAP picture, the NAL unit type            value TRAIL_NUT cannot be used. However, non-STSA pictures            associated with an GDR picture need to use the NAL unit type            value TRAIL_NUT.    -   3) The existing constraint on the output order of pictures        preceding an IRAP picture in decoding order needs to be        specified to only apply to pictures within a layer. 4)        Constraints on relative decoding order and output order among a        GDR picture and picture preceding and succeeding in decoding        order are missing.    -   5) The existing constraint on the decoding order of pictures        associated with an IRAP picture and some non-leading pictures        needs to be specified to only apply to pictures within a layer.    -   6) Currently, leading pictures, RADL pictures, and RASL pictures        associated with a GDR picture are not supported.    -   7) The existing constraint on RPLs for a CRA picture needs to be        specified to only apply to pictures within a layer.    -   8) For STSA pictures, trailing pictures associated with GDR        pictures, and GDR pictures with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal        to 0, there lacks a constraint on active entries in the RPLs not        to be generated by the decoding process for generating        unavailable reference pictures.    -   9) For STSA pictures, IDR pictures, CRA pictures with        NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 0, etc., there lacks a        constraint on entries in the RPLs not to be generated by the        decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures.    -   10) For STSA pictures, there lacks a constraint on active        entries in the RPLs not to precede precedes the associated IRAP        picture in output order or decoding order.    -   11) For STSA pictures, there lacks a constraint on entries in        the RPLs not to precede precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.

5. Examples of Embodiments and Technical Solutions

To solve the above problems, and others, methods as summarized below aredisclosed. The examples described herein should be considered asexamples to explain the general concepts and should not be interpretedin a narrow way. Furthermore, these examples can be applied individuallyor combined in any manner.

-   -   1) To solve problem 1, the definition of associated IRAP picture        is updated such that the associated IRAP picture of a particular        picture belongs to the same layer as the particular picture.    -   2) To solve problem 2, the definition of trailing picture is        updated, such that a trailing picture may also be associated        with a GDR picture.        -   a. Furthermore, the definition of associated GDR picture is            added, and the definition of associated IRAP picture is            updated, such that each picture of a layer, except the first            picture in the layer in the bitstream, is specified to be            associated with the previous IRAP or GDR picture of the same            layer in decoding order, whichever is closer.        -   b. Furthermore, a constraint is added to require that a            trailing picture shall follow the associated IRAP or GDR            picture in output order.    -   3) To solve problem 3, the existing constraint on the output        order of pictures preceding an IRAP picture in decoding order is        updated such that it only imposes a restriction to pictures        within a layer.        -   a. In one example, the constraint is specified as follows:            Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value            layerld, that precedes, in decoding order, an IRAP picture            with nuh_layer_id equal to layerld shall precede, in output            order, the IRAP picture and all its associated RADL            pictures.    -   4) To solve problem 4, add one or more of the following        constraints:        -   a. A trailing picture shall follow the associated IRAP or            GDR picture in output order.        -   b. Any picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular            value layerld, that precedes, in decoding order, a GDR            picture with nuh_layer_id equal to layerld shall precede, in            output order, the GDR picture and all its associated            pictures.    -   5) To solve problem 5, the existing constraint on the decoding        order of pictures associated with an IRAP picture and some        non-leading pictures is updated such that it only imposes a        restriction on pictures within a layer.        -   a. In one example, the constraint is specified as follows:            If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture,            with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId, is a            leading picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall            precede, in decoding order, all non-leading pictures that            are associated with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let            picA and picB be the first and the last leading pictures, in            decoding order, associated with an IRAP picture,            respectively, there shall be at most one non-leading picture            with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId preceding picA in            decoding order, and there shall be no non-leading picture            with nuh_layer_id equal to layerId between picA and picB in            decoding order.        -   b. In another example, the constraint is specified as            follows: If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current            picture is a leading picture associated with an IRAP            picture, it shall precede, in decoding order, all            non-leading pictures that are associated with the same IRAP            picture. Otherwise, let picA and picB be the first and the            last leading pictures, in decoding order, associated with an            IRAP picture, respectively, there shall be at most one            non-leading picture associated with the IRAP picture            preceding picA in decoding order, and there shall be no            non-leading picture associated with the IRAP picture between            picA and picB in decoding order.    -   6) To solve problem 6, leading pictures, RADL pictures, and RASL        pictures associated with a GDR picture are defined and        specified.        -   a. Leading pictures associated with a GDR picture are those            pictures that follow the GDR picture in decoding order and            precede it in output order.        -   b. RADL pictures associated with a GDR picture are the            leading pictures associated with the GDR picture and having            nal_unit_type equal to RADL_NUT.        -   c. RASL pictures associated with a GDR picture are the            leading pictures associated with the GDR picture and having            nal_unit_type equal to RASL_NUT.    -   7) To solve problem 7, the existing constraint on RPLs for a CRA        picture is updated such that the it only imposes a restriction        to pictures within a layer.        -   a. In one example, the constraint is specified as follows:            When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a            particular value layerld, is a CRA picture, there shall be            no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or            RefPicList[1] that precedes, in output order or decoding            order, any preceding IRAP picture with nuh_layer_id equal to            layerld in decoding order (when present).    -   8) To solve problem 8, the following constraint is specified:        -   When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a            particular value layerld, is not a RASL picture associated            with a CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to            1, a GDR picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1,            or a recovering picture of a GDR picture with            NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and nuh_layer_id equal            to layerld, there shall be no picture referred to by an            active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was            generated by the decoding process for generating unavailable            reference pictures.    -   9) To solve problem 9, the following constraint is specified:        -   When the current picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a            particular value layerld, is not a CRA picture with            NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a picture that            precedes, in decoding order, the leading pictures associated            with the same CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag            equal to 1, a leading picture associated with a CRA picture            with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a GDR picture            with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a recovering            picture of a GDR picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag            equal to 1 and nuh_layer_id equal to layerld, there shall be            no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or            RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decoding process for            generating unavailable reference pictures.    -   10) To solve problem 10, the following constraint is specified:        -   When the current picture is associated with an IRAP picture            and follows the IRAP picture in output order, there shall be            no picture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0]            or RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture            in output order or decoding order.    -   11) To solve problem 11, the following constraint is specified:        -   When the current picture is associated with an IRAP picture,            follows the IRAP picture in output order, and follows, in            both decoding order and output order, the leading pictures            associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there shall            be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or            RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in            output order or decoding order.

6. Embodiments

Below are some example embodiments for some of the aspects summarizedabove in Section 5, which can be applied to the VVC specification. Thechanged texts are based on the latest VVC text in JVET-Q2001-vE/v15.Most relevant parts that have been added or modified are highlighted inbold italics, and some of the deleted parts are marked with doublebrackets (e.g., [[a]] denotes the deletion of the character “a”). Thereare some other changes that are editorial in nature and thus nothighlighted. 6.1. First EmbodimentThis embodiment is for items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5a.

3 Definitions

associated IRAP picture (of a particular picture

(when present)

output order: The order of

in which the decoded pictures are output from the DPB. trailing picture:A picture

-   -   NOTE—Trailing pictures associated with an IRAP        picture also follow the IRAP        picture in decoding order. Pictures that follow the associated        IRAP        picture in output order and precede the associated IRAP        picture in decoding order are not allowed.

7.4.2.2 NAL Unit Header Semantics

[[For a single-layer bitstream,

that the following constraints apply:

-   -   Each picture, other than the first picture in the bitstream in        decoding order, is considered to be associated with the previous        IRAP picture in decoding order.]]

    -   

    -   When a picture is a leading picture of an IRAP picture, it shall        be a RADL or RASL picture.

    -   No RASL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture.

    -   No RADL pictures shall be present in the bitstream that are        associated with an IDR picture having nal_unit_type equal to IDR        N_LP.        -   NOTE 6—It is possible to perform random access at the            position of an IRAP PU by discarding all PUs before the IRAP            PU (and to correctly decode the IRAP picture and all the            subsequent non-RASL pictures in decoding order), provided            each parameter set is available (either in the bitstream or            by external means not specified in this Specification) when            it is referenced.

    -   Any picture,        , that precedes, in decoding order, an IRAP picture        precede, in output order, the IRAP picture and all its        associated RADL pictures.

    -   

    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall precede any        RADL picture associated with the CRA picture in output order.

    -   Any RASL picture associated with a CRA picture shall follow, in        output order, any IRAP picture that precedes the CRA picture in        decoding order.

    -   If field_seq_flag is equal to 0 and the current picture,        is a leading picture associated with an IRAP picture, it shall        precede, in decoding order, all non-leading pictures that are        associated with the same IRAP picture. Otherwise, let picA and        picB be the first and the last leading pictures, in decoding        order, associated with an IRAP picture, respectively, there        shall be at most one non-leading picture        preceding picA in decoding order, and there shall be no        non-leading picture        between picA and picB in decoding order.

7.4.3.7 Picture Header Structure Semantics

recovery_poc_cnt specifies the recovery point of decoded pictures inoutput order.

If the current picture is a GDR picture [[that is associated with thePH]], and there is a picture picA that follows the current GDR picturein decoding order in the CLVS that has PicOrderCntVal equal to

[[the PicOrderCntVal of the current GDR picture plus the value ofrecovery_poc_cnt]], the picture picA is referred to as the recoverypoint picture. Otherwise, the first picture in output order that hasPicOrderCntVal greater than

[[the PicOrderCntVal of the current picture plus the value ofrecovery_poc_cnt]]

is referred to as the recovery point picture. The recovery point pictureshall not precede the current GDR picture in decoding order.

The value of recovery_poc cnt shall be in the range of 0 toMaxPicOrderCntLsb-1, inclusive.[[When the current picture is a GDR picture, the variableRpPicOrderCntVal is derived as follows:

RpPicOrderCntVal=PicOrderCntVal+recovery_poc_cnt  (81)]]

-   -   NOTE 2—When gdr enabled flag is equal to 1 and PicOrderCntVal of        the current picture is greater than or equal to        [[RpPicOrderCntVal]] of the associated GDR picture, the current        and subsequent decoded pictures in output order are exact match        to the corresponding pictures produced by starting the decoding        process from the previous IRAP picture, when present, preceding        the associated GDR picture in decoding order.

8.3.2 Decoding Process for Reference Picture Lists Construction

It is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the followingconstraints apply:

-   -   When the current picture,        is a CRA picture, there shall be no picture referred to by an        entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that precedes, in output        order or decoding order, any preceding IRAP picture with        in decoding order (when present).    -   When the current picture [[is a trailing picture]],        there shall be no picture referred to by an active entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by the        decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures        [[for the IRAP picture associated with the current picture]].    -   When the current picture [[is a trailing picture that follows,        in both decoding order and output order, one or more leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any]],        there shall be no picture referred to by an entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by the        decoding process for generating unavailable reference pictures        [[for the IRAP picture associated with the current picture]].    -   [[When the current picture is a recovery point picture or a        picture that follows the recovery point picture in output order,        there shall be no entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that        contains a picture that was generated by the decoding process        for generating unavailable reference pictures for the GDR        picture of the recovery point picture.]]    -   When the current picture is [[a trailing picture]]        there shall be no picture referred to by an active entry in        RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP        picture in output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is [[a trailing picture that]]        follows, in both decoding order and output order, the leading        pictures associated with the same IRAP picture, if any, there        shall be no picture referred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or        RefPicList[1] that precedes the associated IRAP picture in        output order or decoding order.    -   When the current picture is a RADL picture, there shall be no        active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that is any of        the following:        -   A RASL picture            [[A picture that was generated by the decoding process for            generating unavailable reference pictures]]    -   A picture that precedes the associated IRAP picture in decoding        order

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example video processing system1900 in which various techniques disclosed herein may be implemented.Various implementations may include some or all of the components of thesystem 1900. The system 1900 may include input 1902 for receiving videocontent. The video content may be received in a raw or uncompressedformat, e.g., 8 or 10 bit multi-component pixel values, or may be in acompressed or encoded format. The input 1902 may represent a networkinterface, a peripheral bus interface, or a storage interface. Examplesof network interface include wired interfaces such as Ethernet, passiveoptical network (PON), etc. and wireless interfaces such as wirelessfidelity (WI-FI) or cellular interfaces.

The system 1900 may include a coding component 1904 that may implementthe various coding or encoding methods described in the presentdocument. The coding component 1904 may reduce the average bitrate ofvideo from the input 1902 to the output of the coding component 1904 toproduce a coded representation of the video. The coding techniques aretherefore sometimes called video compression or video transcodingtechniques. The output of the coding component 1904 may be eitherstored, or transmitted via a communication connected, as represented bythe component 1906. The stored or communicated bitstream (or coded)representation of the video received at the input 1902 may be used bythe component 1908 for generating pixel values or displayable video thatis sent to a display interface 1910. The process of generatinguser-viewable video from the bitstream representation is sometimescalled video decompression. Furthermore, while certain video processingoperations are referred to as “coding” operations or tools, it will beappreciated that the coding tools or operations are used at an encoderand corresponding decoding tools or operations that reverse the resultsof the coding will be performed by a decoder.

Examples of a peripheral bus interface or a display interface mayinclude universal serial bus (USB) or high definition multimediainterface (HDMI) or Displayport, and so on. Examples of storageinterfaces include serial advanced technology attachment (SATA),peripheral component interconnect (PCI), integrated drive electronics(IDE) interface, and the like. The techniques described in the presentdocument may be embodied in various electronic devices such as mobilephones, laptops, smartphones or other devices that are capable ofperforming digital data processing and/or video display.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a video processing apparatus 3600. Theapparatus 3600 may be used to implement one or more of the methodsdescribed herein. The apparatus 3600 may be embodied in a smartphone,tablet, computer, Internet of Things (IoT) receiver, and so on. Theapparatus 3600 may include one or more processors 3602, one or morememories 3604 and video processing hardware 3606. The processor(s) 3602may be configured to implement one or more methods described in thepresent document. The memory (memories) 3604 may be used for storingdata and code used for implementing the methods and techniques describedherein. The video processing hardware 3606 may be used to implement, inhardware circuitry, some techniques described in the present document.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates an example video codingsystem 100 that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure.

As shown in FIG. 4 , video coding system 100 may include a source device110 and a destination device 120. Source device 110 generates encodedvideo data which may be referred to as a video encoding device.Destination device 120 may decode the encoded video data generated bysource device 110 which may be referred to as a video decoding device.

Source device 110 may include a video source 112, a video encoder 114,and an input/output (I/O) interface 116.

Video source 112 may include a source such as a video capture device, aninterface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or acomputer graphics system for generating video data, or a combination ofsuch sources. The video data may comprise one or more pictures. Videoencoder 114 encodes the video data from video source 112 to generate abitstream. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that form acoded representation of the video data. The bitstream may include codedpictures and associated data. The coded picture is a codedrepresentation of a picture. The associated data may include sequenceparameter sets, picture parameter sets, and other syntax structures. I/Ointerface 116 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or atransmitter. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly todestination device 120 via I/O interface 116 through network 130 a. Theencoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium/server 130 bfor access by destination device 120.

Destination device 120 may include an I/O interface 126, a video decoder124, and a display device 122.

I/O interface 126 may include a receiver and/or a modem. I/O interface126 may acquire encoded video data from the source device 110 or thestorage medium/server 130 b. Video decoder 124 may decode the encodedvideo data. Display device 122 may display the decoded video data to auser. Display device 122 may be integrated with the destination device120, or may be external to destination device 120 which be configured tointerface with an external display device.

Video encoder 114 and video decoder 124 may operate according to a videocompression standard, such as the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)standard, Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard and other current and/orfurther standards.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video encoder 200,which may be video encoder 114 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4 .

Video encoder 200 may be configured to perform any or all of thetechniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 5 , video encoder200 includes a plurality of functional components. The techniquesdescribed in this disclosure may be shared among the various componentsof video encoder 200. In some examples, a processor may be configured toperform any or all of the techniques described in this disclosure.

The functional components of video encoder 200 may include a partitionunit 201, a prediction unit 202 which may include a mode select unit203, a motion estimation unit 204, a motion compensation unit 205 and anintra prediction unit 206, a residual generation unit 207, a transformunit 208, a quantization unit 209, an inverse quantization unit 210, aninverse transform unit 211, a reconstruction unit 212, a buffer 213, andan entropy encoding unit 214.

In other examples, video encoder 200 may include more, fewer, ordifferent functional components. In an example, prediction unit 202 mayinclude an intra block copy (IBC) unit. The IBC unit may performprediction in an IBC mode in which at least one reference picture is apicture where the current video block is located.

Furthermore, some components, such as motion estimation unit 204 andmotion compensation unit 205 may be highly integrated, but arerepresented in the example of FIG. 5 separately for purposes ofexplanation.

Partition unit 201 may partition a picture into one or more videoblocks. Video encoder 200 and video decoder 300 may support variousvideo block sizes.

Mode select unit 203 may select one of the coding modes, intra or inter,e.g., based on error results, and provide the resulting intra- orinter-coded block to a residual generation unit 207 to generate residualblock data and to a reconstruction unit 212 to reconstruct the encodedblock for use as a reference picture. In some example, Mode select unit203 may select a combination of intra and inter prediction (CIIP) modein which the prediction is based on an inter prediction signal and anintra prediction signal. Mode select unit 203 may also select aresolution for a motion vector (e.g., a sub-pixel or integer pixelprecision) for the block in the case of inter-prediction.

To perform inter prediction on a current video block, motion estimationunit 204 may generate motion information for the current video block bycomparing one or more reference frames from buffer 213 to the currentvideo block. Motion compensation unit 205 may determine a predictedvideo block for the current video block based on the motion informationand decoded samples of pictures from buffer 213 other than the pictureassociated with the current video block.

Motion estimation unit 204 and motion compensation unit 205 may performdifferent operations for a current video block, for example, dependingon whether the current video block is in an I slice, a P slice, or a Bslice.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform uni-directionalprediction for the current video block, and motion estimation unit 204may search reference pictures of list 0 or list 1 for a reference videoblock for the current video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may thengenerate a reference index that indicates the reference picture in list0 or list 1 that contains the reference video block and a motion vectorthat indicates a spatial displacement between the current video blockand the reference video block. Motion estimation unit 204 may output thereference index, a prediction direction indicator, and the motion vectoras the motion information of the current video block. Motioncompensation unit 205 may generate the predicted video block of thecurrent block based on the reference video block indicated by the motioninformation of the current video block.

In other examples, motion estimation unit 204 may perform bi-directionalprediction for the current video block, motion estimation unit 204 maysearch the reference pictures in list 0 for a reference video block forthe current video block and may also search the reference pictures inlist 1 for another reference video block for the current video block.Motion estimation unit 204 may then generate reference indexes thatindicate the reference pictures in list 0 and list 1 containing thereference video blocks and motion vectors that indicate spatialdisplacements between the reference video blocks and the current videoblock. Motion estimation unit 204 may output the reference indexes andthe motion vectors of the current video block as the motion informationof the current video block. Motion compensation unit 205 may generatethe predicted video block of the current video block based on thereference video blocks indicated by the motion information of thecurrent video block.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may output a full set ofmotion information for decoding processing of a decoder.

In some examples, motion estimation unit 204 may do not output a fullset of motion information for the current video. Rather, motionestimation unit 204 may signal the motion information of the currentvideo block with reference to the motion information of another videoblock. For example, motion estimation unit 204 may determine that themotion information of the current video block is sufficiently similar tothe motion information of a neighboring video block.

In one example, motion estimation unit 204 may indicate, in a syntaxstructure associated with the current video block, a value thatindicates to the video decoder 300 that the current video block has thesame motion information as another video block.

In another example, motion estimation unit 204 may identify, in a syntaxstructure associated with the current video block, another video blockand a motion vector difference (MVD). The motion vector differenceindicates a difference between the motion vector of the current videoblock and the motion vector of the indicated video block. The videodecoder 300 may use the motion vector of the indicated video block andthe motion vector difference to determine the motion vector of thecurrent video block.

As discussed above, video encoder 200 may predictively signal the motionvector. Two examples of predictive signaling techniques that may beimplemented by video encoder 200 include advanced motion vectorprediction (AMVP) and merge mode signaling.

Intra prediction unit 206 may perform intra prediction on the currentvideo block. When intra prediction unit 206 performs intra prediction onthe current video block, intra prediction unit 206 may generateprediction data for the current video block based on decoded samples ofother video blocks in the same picture. The prediction data for thecurrent video block may include a predicted video block and varioussyntax elements.

Residual generation unit 207 may generate residual data for the currentvideo block by subtracting (e.g., indicated by the minus sign) thepredicted video block(s) of the current video block from the currentvideo block. The residual data of the current video block may includeresidual video blocks that correspond to different sample components ofthe samples in the current video block.

In other examples, there may be no residual data for the current videoblock for the current video block, for example in a skip mode, andresidual generation unit 207 may not perform the subtracting operation.

Transform processing unit 208 may generate one or more transformcoefficient video blocks for the current video block by applying one ormore transforms to a residual video block associated with the currentvideo block.

After transform processing unit 208 generates a transform coefficientvideo block associated with the current video block, quantization unit209 may quantize the transform coefficient video block associated withthe current video block based on one or more quantization parameter (QP)values associated with the current video block.

Inverse quantization unit 210 and inverse transform unit 211 may applyinverse quantization and inverse transforms to the transform coefficientvideo block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual video block fromthe transform coefficient video block. Reconstruction unit 212 may addthe reconstructed residual video block to corresponding samples from oneor more predicted video blocks generated by the prediction unit 202 toproduce a reconstructed video block associated with the current blockfor storage in the buffer 213.

After reconstruction unit 212 reconstructs the video block, loopfiltering operation may be performed reduce video blocking artifacts inthe video block.

Entropy encoding unit 214 may receive data from other functionalcomponents of the video encoder 200. When entropy encoding unit 214receives the data, entropy encoding unit 214 may perform one or moreentropy encoding operations to generate entropy encoded data and outputa bitstream that includes the entropy encoded data.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of video decoder 300which may be video decoder 124 in the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 4 .

The video decoder 300 may be configured to perform any or all of thetechniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 6 , the videodecoder 300 includes a plurality of functional components. Thetechniques described in this disclosure may be shared among the variouscomponents of the video decoder 300. In some examples, a processor maybe configured to perform any or all of the techniques described in thisdisclosure.

In the example of FIG. 6 , video decoder 300 includes an entropydecoding unit 301, a motion compensation unit 302, an intra predictionunit 303, an inverse quantization unit 304, an inverse transform unit305, and a reconstruction unit 306 and a buffer 307. Video decoder 300may, in some examples, perform a decoding pass generally reciprocal tothe encoding pass described with respect to video encoder 200 (FIG. 5 ).

Entropy decoding unit 301 may retrieve an encoded bitstream. The encodedbitstream may include entropy coded video data (e.g., encoded blocks ofvideo data). Entropy decoding unit 301 may decode the entropy codedvideo data, and from the entropy decoded video data, motion compensationunit 302 may determine motion information including motion vectors,motion vector precision, reference picture list indexes, and othermotion information. Motion compensation unit 302 may, for example,determine such information by performing the AMVP and merge mode.

Motion compensation unit 302 may produce motion compensated blocks,possibly performing interpolation based on interpolation filters.Identifiers for interpolation filters to be used with sub-pixelprecision may be included in the syntax elements.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use interpolation filters as used byvideo encoder 200 during encoding of the video block to calculateinterpolated values for sub-integer pixels of a reference block. Motioncompensation unit 302 may determine the interpolation filters used byvideo encoder 200 according to received syntax information and use theinterpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Motion compensation unit 302 may use some of the syntax information todetermine sizes of blocks used to encode frame(s) and/or slice(s) of theencoded video sequence, partition information that describes how eachmacroblock of a picture of the encoded video sequence is partitioned,modes indicating how each partition is encoded, one or more referenceframes (and reference frame lists) for each inter-encoded block, andother information to decode the encoded video sequence.

Intra prediction unit 303 may use intra prediction modes for examplereceived in the bitstream to form a prediction block from spatiallyadjacent blocks. Inverse quantization unit 304 inverse quantizes, i.e.,de-quantizes, the quantized video block coefficients provided in thebitstream and decoded by entropy decoding unit 301. Inverse transformunit 305 applies an inverse transform.

Reconstruction unit 306 may sum the residual blocks with thecorresponding prediction blocks generated by motion compensation unit302 or intra-prediction unit 303 to form decoded blocks. If desired, adeblocking filter may also be applied to filter the decoded blocks inorder to remove blockiness artifacts. The decoded video blocks are thenstored in buffer 307, which provides reference blocks for subsequentmotion compensation/intra prediction and also produces decoded video forpresentation on a display device.

A listing of examples preferred by some embodiments is provided next.

The first set of clauses show example embodiments of techniquesdiscussed in the previous section. The following clauses show exampleembodiments of techniques discussed in the previous section (e.g., item1).

1. A video processing method (e.g., method 3000 shown in FIG. 3 ),comprising: performing (3002) a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a codedrepresentation of the video; wherein the coded representation isorganized according to a rule that specifies that a first video picturethat is an intra random access point picture of a second picture and thesecond picture are constrained to belong to a same video layer.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 2).

2. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein thecoded representation conforms to a format rule that specifies that atrailing picture in the coded representation following a first type ofpicture that is an intra random access point is also permitted to beassociated with a second type of picture that includes a gradualdecoding refresh picture.

3. The method of clause 2, wherein the format rule further specifiesthat, for each layer, each picture of the layer, except the firstpicture in the layer in the bitstream, is specified to be associatedwith a closer one of a previous intra random access point or a gradualdecoder refresh picture of the same layer in decoding order.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 3).

4. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein thecoded representation conforms to a format rule that specifies aconstraint for an output order of pictures preceding an intra randomaccess point are is in a decoding order such that the output order isapplicable only to pictures in a same video layer.

5. The method of clause 1, wherein the constraint specifies that anypicture, with a nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId, thatprecedes, in a decoding order, an intra random access point picture withnuh_layer_id equal to layerId is required to precede, in an outputorder, the intra random access point picture and all associated randomaccess decodable leading pictures.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 4).

6. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein thecoded representation conforms to a format rule that specifies aconstraint that (1) a trailing picture must follow an associated intrarandom access point picture (IRAP) or a gradual decoder refresh (GDR)picture in an output order, or (2) a picture having a same layer id asthat of the GDR picture must precede, in the output order, the GDRpicture and all associated pictures of the GDR picture.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 5).

7. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein theconversion conforms to a rule that an order constraint is applicable toa picture, an intra random access point (IRAP) picture and a non-leadingpicture if and only if the picture, the IRAP picture and the non-leadingpicture are in a same layer, wherein the rule is one of:

(a) a first rule specifying a value of a field sequence and a decodingorder, or

(b) an order of leading and/or non-leading pictures of a layer.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 6).

8. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein theconversion conforms to a rule that specifies an order of a leadingpicture, a random access decodable leading (RADL) picture and a randomaccess skipped leading (RASL) picture associated with a gradual decodingrefresh (GDR) picture.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 7).

9. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein theconversion conforms to a rule that specifies that a constraint for areference picture list for a clean random access picture is limited to alayer.

10. The method of clause 9, wherein the constraint specifies that, for alayer having the clean random access picture, a preceding intra randomaccess point picture in a decoding or an output order are not referredto by an entry in the reference picture list.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 8).

11. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein theconversion conforms to a rule that specifies a condition under which acurrent picture is allowed to refer to an entry in a reference picturelist that was generated by a decoding process for generating anunavailable reference picture.

12. The method of clause 11, wherein the condition is that the currentpicture is a random access skipped leading (RASL) picture associatedwith a clean random access, CRA, picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlagequal to 1, a gradual decoder refresh, GDR, picture withNoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a recovering picture of a GDRpicture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1.

The following clauses show example embodiments of techniques discussedin the previous section (e.g., item 9, 10, 11).

13. A video processing method, comprising: performing a conversionbetween a video having one or more video layers comprising one or morevideo pictures and a coded representation of the video, wherein theconversion conforms to a rule of order between a current picture and areference picture list corresponding to the current picture.

14. The method of clause 13, wherein the rule specifies that when acurrent picture, with nuh_layer_id equal to a particular value layerId,is not a clean random access (CRA) picture withNoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a picture that precedes, indecoding order, the leading pictures associated with the same CRApicture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, a leading pictureassociated with a CRA picture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to1, a gradual decoder refresh, GDR, picture withNoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1, or a recovering picture of a GDRpicture with NoOutputBeforeRecoveryFlag equal to 1 and nuh_layer_idequal to layerId, there shall be no picture referred to by an entry inRefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that was generated by the decodingprocess for generating unavailable reference pictures.

15. The method of clause 13, wherein the rule specifies that when thecurrent picture is associated with an intra random access point, IRAP,picture and follows the IRAP picture in output order, there shall be nopicture referred to by an active entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1]that precedes the associated IRAP picture in output order or decodingorder.

16. The method of clause 13, wherein the rule specifies that, when thecurrent picture is associated with an intra random access point, IRAP,picture, follows the IRAP picture in output order, and follows, in bothdecoding order and output order, the leading pictures associated withthe same IRAP picture, if any, there shall be no picture referred to byan entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that precedes the associatedIRAP picture in output order or decoding order.

17. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the conversioncomprises encoding the video into the coded representation.

18. The method of any of clauses 1 to 16, wherein the conversioncomprises decoding the coded representation to generate pixel values ofthe video.

19. A video decoding apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in one or more of clauses 1 to 18.

20. A video encoding apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in one or more of clauses 1 to 18.

21. A computer program product having computer code stored thereon, thecode, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to implement amethod recited in any of clauses 1 to 18.

22. A method, apparatus or system described in the present document.

The second set of clauses show example embodiments of techniquesdiscussed in the previous section (e.g., items 1-7).

1. A method of video processing (e.g., method 710 as shown in FIG. 7A),comprising: performing 712 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies that a first video picture that is an associated intra randomaccess point picture of a second picture and the second picture areconstrained to belong to a same video layer.

2. The method of clause 1, wherein, between the first video picture andthe second picture in decoding order, there is no gradual decodingrefresh picture in the same video layer.

3. The method of clause 1, wherein the first video picture and thesecond picture have a same identifier of a layer to which a video codinglayer network abstraction layer unit belongs or a same identifier of alayer to which a non-video coding layer network abstraction layer unitapplies.

4. The method of any of clauses 1-3, wherein, between the first videopicture and the second picture in decoding order, there is no gradualdecoding refresh picture with the same identifier.

5. The method of clause 1, wherein the format rule further specifiesthat a trailing picture follows an associated intra random access pointpicture or a gradual decoding refresh picture in an output order.

6. A method of video processing (e.g., method 720 as shown in FIG. 7B),comprising: performing 722 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies that a trailing picture in the bitstream is permitted to beassociated with a gradual decoding refresh picture.

7. The method of clause 6, wherein the trailing picture is a picture forwhich each video coding layer network abstraction layer unit has a trailnetwork abstraction layer unit type.

8. The method of clause 6 or 7, wherein the trailing picture ispermitted to be associated with an intra random access point picture.

9. The method of any of clauses 6-8, wherein the trailing pictureassociated with an intra random access point picture or a gradualdecoding refresh picture follows the intra random access point pictureor the gradual decoding refresh picture in decoding order.

10. The method any of clauses 6-8, wherein pictures that follow theassociated intra random access point picture in output order and precedethe associated intra random access point picture in decoding order arenot allowed.

11. The method of clause 6, wherein the format rule further specifiesthat, for each layer, each picture of the layer, except the firstpicture in the layer in the bitstream, is specified to be associatedwith a closer one of a previous intra random access point or a gradualdecoder refresh picture of the same layer in decoding order.

12. The method of clause 6 or 11, wherein the trailing picture isrequired to follow the associated intra random access point or gradualdecoder refresh picture in output order.

13. A method of video processing (e.g., method 730 as shown in FIG. 7C),comprising: performing 732 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies that a constraint for an output order of pictures preceding anintra random access point in a decoding order is applicable to picturesin a same video layer.

14. The method of clause 13, wherein the constraint specifies that anypicture having a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layeridentifier equal to a particular value and preceding, in a decodingorder, an intra random access point picture with the NAL unit headerlayer identifier equal to the particular value is required to precede,in an output order, the intra random access point picture and allassociated random access decodable leading pictures.

15. The method of clause 14, wherein the network abstraction layer (NAL)unit header layer identifier is nuh_layer_id.

16. The method of clause 14, wherein the network abstraction layer (NAL)unit header layer identifier specifies the identifier of a layer towhich a video coding layer network abstraction layer unit belongs or theidentifier of a layer to which a non-video coding layer networkabstraction layer unit applies.

17. A method of video processing (e.g., method 740 as shown in FIG. 7D),comprising: performing 742 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a format rule, and wherein the format rulespecifies a constraint that (1) a trailing picture follows an associatedintra random access point picture or a gradual decoder refresh picturein an output order, or (2) a picture having a same network abstractionlayer (NAL) unit header layer identifier as that of the gradual decoderrefresh picture precedes, in the output order, the gradual decoderrefresh picture and all associated pictures of the gradual decoderrefresh picture.

18. A method of video processing (e.g., method 750 as shown in FIG. 7E),comprising: performing 752 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a rule, and wherein the rule specifies toapply a constraint on a decoding order of a picture associated with anintra random access point picture and a non-leading picture if and onlyif the picture, the intra random access point picture and thenon-leading picture are in a same layer.

19. The method of clause 18, wherein the constraint specifies that incase that a value of a field sequence flag is equal to 0 and the picturewith a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layer identifierequal to a particular value is a leading picture associated with theintra random access point picture, the picture precedes, in the decodingorder, all non-leading pictures that are associated with the intrarandom access point picture.

20. The method of clause 19, wherein the value of the field sequenceflag that is equal to 0 indicates that a coded layer video sequenceconveys pictures that represent frames.

21. The method of clause 18, wherein the constraint specifies that incase that a value of a field sequence flag is equal to 0 and the pictureis a leading picture associated with the intra random access pointpicture, the picture precedes, in the decoding order, all non-leadingpictures that are associated with the intra random access point picture.

22. A method of video processing (e.g., method 760 as shown in FIG. 7F),comprising: performing 762 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a rule, and wherein the rule specifies anorder of a leading picture, a random access decodable leading pictureand a random access skipped leading picture associated with a gradualdecoding refresh picture.

23. The method of clause 22, wherein the leading picture associated withthe gradual decoding refresh picture follows the gradual decodingrefresh picture in decoding order and precedes the gradual decodingrefresh picture in output order.

24. The method of clause 22, wherein the random access decodable leadingpictures associated with the gradual decoding refresh picture is theleading picture associated with the gradual decoding refresh picture andhas a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit type corresponding to a codedslice of the random access decodable leading picture.

25. The method of clause 22, wherein the random access decodable leadingpicture associated with the gradual decoding refresh picture is theleading picture associated with the gradual decoding refresh picture andhas a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit type corresponding to a codedslice of the random access decodable leading picture.

26. A method of video processing (e.g., method 770 as shown in FIG. 7G),comprising: performing 772 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a rule, wherein the rule specifies that aconstraint for a reference picture list for a slice of a clean randomaccess picture is limited to a layer.

27. The method of clause 26, wherein the constraint specifies that, fora layer having the clean random access picture, a preceding intra randomaccess point picture in a decoding or an output order is not referred toby an entry in the reference picture list.

28. The method of any of clauses 1 to 27, wherein the conversionincludes encoding the video into the bitstream.

29. The method of any of clauses 1 to 27, wherein the conversionincludes decoding the video from the bitstream.

30. The method of clauses 1 to 27, wherein the conversion includesgenerating the bitstream from the video, and the method furthercomprises: storing the bitstream in a non-transitory computer-readablerecording medium.

31. A video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 30.

32. A method of storing a bitstream of a video, comprising, a methodrecited in any one of clauses 1 to 30, and further including storing thebitstream to a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium.

33. A computer readable medium storing program code that, when executed,causes a processor to implement a method recited in any one or more ofclauses 1 to 30.

34. A computer readable medium that stores a bitstream generatedaccording to any of the above described methods.

35. A video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream representation,wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement amethod recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 30.

The third set of clauses show example embodiments of techniquesdiscussed in the previous section (e.g., items 8 and 9).

1. A video processing method (e.g., method 810 as shown in FIG. 8A),comprising: performing 810 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a rule, and wherein the rule specifies acondition under which no picture that has been generated by a decodingprocess for generating an unavailable reference picture is referred toby an active entry in a reference picture list of a current slice of acurrent picture.

2. The method of clause 1, wherein the active entry corresponds to anentry that is available for being used as a reference index in an interprediction of the current picture.

3. The method of clause 1, wherein the condition is that the currentpicture with a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layeridentifier equal to a particular value is not a random access skippedleading picture associated with a clean random access picture with avariable indicating no output before recovery equal to 1, a gradualdecoder refresh picture with the variable equal to 1 or a recoveringpicture of a gradual decoder refresh picture with the variable equal to1 and the NAL unit header layer identifier equal to the particularvalue.

4. A video processing method (e.g., method 820 as shown in FIG. 8B),comprising: performing 822 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstreamof the video according to a rule, and wherein the rule specifies acondition under which no picture that has been generated by a decodingprocess for generating an unavailable reference picture is referred toby an entry in a reference picture list of a current slice of a currentpicture.

5. The method of clause 4, wherein the condition is that the currentpicture with a network abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layeridentifier equal to a particular value is not a clean random accesspicture with a variable indicating no output before recovery equal to 1,a picture that precedes, in decoding order, a leading picture associatedwith the clean random access picture with the variable equal to 1, agradual decoder refresh picture with the variable equal to 1, or arecovering picture of a gradual decoder refresh picture with thevariable equal to 1 and the NAL unit header layer identifier equal tothe particular value.

6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the conversion includesencoding the video into the bitstream.

7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the conversion includesdecoding the video from the bitstream.

8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein the conversion includesgenerating the bitstream from the video, and the method furthercomprises: storing the bitstream in a non-transitory computer-readablerecording medium.

9. A video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 8.

10. A method of storing a bitstream of a video, comprising, a methodrecited in any one of clauses 1 to 8, and further including storing thebitstream to a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium.

11. A computer readable medium storing program code that, when executed,causes a processor to implement a method recited in any one or more ofclauses 1 to 8.

12. A computer readable medium that stores a bitstream generatedaccording to any of the above described methods.

13. A video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream representation,wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement amethod recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 12.

The fourth set of clauses show example embodiments of techniquesdiscussed in the previous section (e.g., items 10 and 11).

1. A method of video processing (e.g., method 910 as shown in FIG. 9A),comprising: performing 912 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising a current picture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein therule specifies a condition under which a reference picture list for thecurrent slice is disallowed to have an active entry that refers to apicture that precedes, in a decoding order or an output order, an intrarandom access point picture associated with the current picture.

2. The method of clause 1, wherein the active entry corresponds to anentry that is available for being used as a reference index in an interprediction of the current picture.

3. The method of clause 1 or 2, wherein the rule specifies the conditionunder which the reference picture list for the current picture isdisallowed to have the active entry that refers to the picture thatprecedes, in the decoding order, the intra random access point pictureassociated with the current picture.

4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the rule specifies thecondition under which the reference picture list for the current pictureis disallowed to have the active entry that refers to the picture thatprecedes, in the output order, the intra random access point pictureassociated with the current picture.

5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the condition is thatthe current picture is associated with the intra random access pointpicture and follows the intra random access point picture in thedecoding order and/or the output order.

6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the condition is thatthe current picture follows the intra random access point picture havinga same value of an identifier of the layer to which a video coding layernetwork abstraction layer unit belongs or an identifier of a layer towhich a non-video coding layer network abstraction layer unit applies inthe decoding order and/or the output order.

7. A method of video processing (e.g., method 920 as shown in FIG. 9B),comprising: performing 922 a conversion between a video having one ormore video layers comprising a current picture comprising a currentslice and a bitstream of the video according to a rule, and wherein therule specifies a condition under which a reference picture list for thecurrent slice is disallowed to have an entry that refers to a picturethat precedes, in a decoding order or an output order, an intra randomaccess point picture associated with the current picture.

8. The method of clause 7, wherein the rule specifies the conditionunder which the reference picture list for the current picture isdisallowed to have the entry that refers to the picture that precedes,in the decoding order, the intra random access point picture associatedwith the current picture.

9. The method of clause 7 or 8, wherein the rule specifies the conditionunder which the reference picture list for the current picture isdisallowed to have the entry that refers to the picture that precedes,in the output order, the intra random access point picture associatedwith the current picture.

10. The method of any of clauses 7 to 9, wherein the intra random accesspoint picture is associated with zero or more leading pictures, andwherein the condition is that the current picture is associated with theintra random access point picture, follows the intra random access pointpicture in the decoding order and/or the output order, and follows, inboth decoding order and output order, the zero or more leading picturesassociated with the intra random access point picture.

11. The method of any of clauses 7 to 9, wherein the intra random accesspoint picture is associated with zero or more leading pictures, andwherein the condition is that the current picture follows the intrarandom access point picture having a same value of an identifier of thelayer to which a video coding layer network abstraction layer unitbelongs or an identifier of a layer to which a non-video coding layernetwork abstraction layer unit applies and the zero or more leadingpictures in the decoding order and/or the output order.

12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the conversionincludes encoding the video into the bitstream.

13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the conversionincludes decoding the video from the bitstream.

14. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the conversionincludes generating the bitstream from the video, and the method furthercomprises: storing the bitstream in a non-transitory computer-readablerecording medium.

15. A video processing apparatus comprising a processor configured toimplement a method recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 14.

16. A method of storing a bitstream of a video, comprising, a methodrecited in any one of clauses 1 to 14, and further including storing thebitstream to a non-transitory computer-readable recording medium.

17. A computer readable medium storing program code that, when executed,causes a processor to implement a method recited in any one or more ofclauses 1 to 14.

18. A computer readable medium that stores a bitstream generatedaccording to any of the above described methods.

19. A video processing apparatus for storing a bitstream representation,wherein the video processing apparatus is configured to implement amethod recited in any one or more of clauses 1 to 14.

In the present document, the term “video processing” may refer to videoencoding, video decoding, video compression or video decompression. Forexample, video compression algorithms may be applied during conversionfrom pixel representation of a video to a corresponding bitstreamrepresentation or vice versa. The bitstream representation of a currentvideo block may, for example, correspond to bits that are eitherco-located or spread in different places within the bitstream, as isdefined by the syntax. For example, a macroblock may be encoded in termsof transformed and coded error residual values and also using bits inheaders and other fields in the bitstream. Furthermore, duringconversion, a decoder may parse a bitstream with the knowledge that somefields may be present, or absent, based on the determination, as isdescribed in the above solutions. Similarly, an encoder may determinethat certain syntax fields are or are not to be included and generatethe coded representation accordingly by including or excluding thesyntax fields from the coded representation.

The disclosed and other solutions, examples, embodiments, modules andthe functional operations described in this document can be implementedin digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, orhardware, including the structures disclosed in this document and theirstructural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Thedisclosed and other embodiments can be implemented as one or morecomputer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer programinstructions encoded on a computer readable medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus. The computerreadable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more them. The term “data processing apparatus” encompassesall apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including byway of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multipleprocessors or computers. The apparatus can include, in addition tohardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computerprogram in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, aprotocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or acombination of one or more of them. A propagated signal is anartificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical,optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encodeinformation for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.

A computer program (also known as a program, software, softwareapplication, script, or code) can be written in any form of programminglanguage, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can bedeployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module,component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computingenvironment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to afile in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a filethat holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in amarkup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program inquestion, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store oneor more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer programcan be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computersthat are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this document can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random-access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Computer readable media suitable for storingcomputer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatilememory, media and memory devices, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, e.g., erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory(EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal harddisks or removable disks; magneto optical disks; and compact disc,read-only memory (CD ROM) and digital versatile disc read-only memory(DVD-ROM) disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, orincorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

While this patent document contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of any subject matter or of whatmay be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may bespecific to particular embodiments of particular techniques. Certainfeatures that are described in this patent document in the context ofseparate embodiments can also be implemented in combination in a singleembodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. Moreover, the separation of various system components in theembodiments described in this patent document should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments.

Only a few implementations and examples are described and otherimplementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on whatis described and illustrated in this patent document.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of video processing, comprising:performing a conversion between a video having one or more video layerscomprising one or more video pictures and a bitstream of the videoaccording to a first rule, and wherein the first rule specifies to applya first constraint on a decoding order of a current picture associatedwith an intra random access point picture and a non-leading picture ifand only if the current picture, the intra random access point pictureand the non-leading picture are in a same layer.
 2. The method of claim1, wherein the first constraint specifies that in a case that a value ofa field sequence flag is equal to 0 and the current picture with anetwork abstraction layer (NAL) unit header layer identifier equal to aparticular value is a leading picture associated with the intra randomaccess point picture, the current picture precedes, in the decodingorder, all non-leading pictures that are associated with the intrarandom access point picture.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein if thevalue of the field sequence flag is equal to 1, let picA and picB be thefirst and the last leading pictures, in the decoding order, associatedwith an associated IRAP picture, respectively, there is at most onenon-leading picture with a corresponding NAL unit header layeridentifier equal to layerId preceding picA in the decoding order, andthere is no non-leading picture with a corresponding NAL unit headerlayer identifier equal to layerId between picA and picB in the decodingorder.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the value of the field sequenceflag that is equal to 0 indicates that a coded layer video sequenceconveys pictures that represent frames.
 5. The method of claim 1,wherein the conversion is performed according to a second rule; whereinthe second rule specifies that when the current picture, with a networkabstraction layer (NAL) unit header layer identifier equal to aparticular value layerId, is a specific picture, there is no picturereferred to by an entry in RefPicList[0] or RefPicList[1] that precedes,in an output order or the decoding order, any preceding IRAP picturewith a corresponding NAL unit header layer identifier equal to layerIdin the decoding order.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the specificpicture is another IRAP picture or a clean random access picture.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the conversion is performed according to athird rule; wherein the third rule specifies that a first video picturethat is an associated intra random access point picture of a secondpicture and the second picture are constrained to belong to the samevideo layer.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein, between the first videopicture and the second picture in the decoding order or an output order,there is no gradual decoding refresh picture in the same video layer. 9.The method of claim 7, wherein the first video picture and the secondpicture have a same identifier of a layer to which a video coding layernetwork abstraction layer unit belongs or a same identifier of a layerto which a non-video coding layer network abstraction layer unitapplies.
 10. The method of claim 1, the conversion is performedaccording to a fourth rule; wherein the fourth rule specifies that atrailing picture in the bitstream is permitted to be associated with agradual decoding refresh picture or an associated intra random accesspoint picture.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the trailing pictureis a picture for which each video coding layer network abstraction layerunit has a trail network abstraction layer unit type.
 12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the trailing picture follows the associated intrarandom access point picture or the gradual decoding refresh picture inthe decoding order or an output order.
 13. The method claim 10, whereinpictures that follow the associated intra random access point picture inan output order and precede the associated intra random access pointpicture in the decoding order are not allowed.
 14. The method of claim10, wherein the fourth rule further specifies that, for each layer, eachpicture of the layer, except the first picture in the layer in thebitstream, is specified to be associated with a closer one of a previousintra random access point or at least one gradual decoder refreshpicture of the same layer in the decoding order.
 15. The method of claim1, wherein the conversion is performed according to a fifth rule;wherein the fifth rule specifies that a fifth constraint for an outputorder of pictures preceding the intra random access point in thedecoding order is applicable to pictures in a same video layer.
 16. Themethod of claim 15, wherein the fifth constraint specifies that anypicture having a NAL unit header layer identifier equal to a particularvalue and preceding, in the decoding order, an intra random access pointpicture with the NAL unit header layer identifier equal to theparticular value is required to precede, in the output order, the intrarandom access point picture and all associated random access decodableleading pictures.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the conversionincludes encoding the video into the bitstream.
 18. The method of claim1, wherein the conversion includes decoding the video from thebitstream.
 19. An apparatus for processing video data comprising aprocessor and a non-transitory memory with instructions thereon, whereinthe instructions upon execution by the processor, cause the processorto: perform a conversion between a video having one or more video layerscomprising one or more video pictures and a bitstream of the videoaccording to a first rule, wherein the first rule specifies to apply afirst constraint on a decoding order of a current picture associatedwith an intra random access point picture and a non-leading picture ifand only if the current picture, the intra random access point pictureand the non-leading picture are in a same layer.
 20. A non-transitorycomputer-readable storage medium storing instructions that cause aprocessor to: perform a conversion between a video having one or morevideo layers comprising one or more video pictures and a bitstream ofthe video according to a first rule, wherein the first rule specifies toapply a first constraint on a decoding order of a current pictureassociated with an intra random access point picture and a non-leadingpicture if and only if the current picture, the intra random accesspoint picture and the non-leading picture are in a same layer.
 21. Anon-transitory computer-readable recording medium storing a bitstream ofa video which is generated by a method performed by a video processingapparatus, wherein the method comprises: generating the bitstream of thevideo having one or more video layers comprising one or more videopictures according to a first rule, wherein the first rule specifies toapply a first constraint on a decoding order of a current pictureassociated with an intra random access point picture and a non-leadingpicture if and only if the current picture, the intra random accesspoint picture and the non-leading picture are in a same layer.